Model of Addiction

Models of Addictions

Medical Model of Substance Use Disorders- According to (Doweiko, H.E., 2012) medical model addresses assumptions that there is a possibility of disease, and it further results in biological upheaval. As the environment presents itself, it can trigger genetic factors in theperson that could be inherited. E.M. Jellinek is the majority of the reason that alcohol was accepted as a medical disease. Jellinek addressed alcohol in four different stages. 1)Pre alcoholic stage: known as relief drinking. 2) Prodromal stage: blackouts and guilt overdrinking. 3) self-esteem suffers and social functions are avoided that do not cater to drinking activities. 4) Chronic stage: destruction of morals and tremors. Doweiko (2012).

     Doweiko (2012) further states “there is no single, universally accepted disease model of SUDs. The medical model is loosely associated with numerous theories, and many have suggested that our fate is tied to genetics, but genetic inheritance does not define our behavior. If this were the case there could be no responsibility placed upon the behavior of the abuser. A person s environment and personal experiences can determine whether genetic occurrences will kick in. External forces can be a determining factor as well.

     It may signal relief to place the responsibility of the problem on genetics. We are still in immature stages of being able to evaluate genetics relating to the risks for psychiatric illnesses. According to Doweiko (2012) he further states that it is foundational ignorance that the medical and, psychological professionals speak out about patient’s genetic makeup towards addictions as if there was little hope, as if they were destined to develop a disorder with the lack of knowledge we have about biogenetics. Further critics of the pharmaceutical industry such as (cited Breggin,Peter, 2008; Doweiko, 2012) stated:

Healthcare providers and the general public have been bamboozled by much advertised speculations that brain scans can demonstrate the existence of mental disorders, or even diagnose them. In reality, no psychiatric disorder is demonstrable or diagnosable by brain scan, or by other medical or biological tests.

     Doweiko (2012) further addresses that healthcare persons understanding is that a disorder exists inside an individual. This is a false illusion that is not being represented, and it is allowing for misrepresentation that biological factors redeem excuses for behavior that is unacceptable.   Biology being an excuse by health care professionals. This leaves no accountability or hope for change.

     A personality model of substance use is a theory that there is an addictive personality. According to Doweiko (2012) this arose during the 20^th century in the beginning of psychoanalysis that had to do with hidden trauma that may have caused a person to turn to alcohol or drugs. Doweiko (2012) stated “Psychoanalytic writers hold that individuals used alcohol to numb themselves to emotional pain”. (p. 348) it is considered to be positive reinforcement, pleasure or euphoria, and also helps to deal with bad emotional states.

     Substance Use Disorders: The Final Common Pathway Theory. When using substances there rewards from the drug diminish over time and the increase of the drug is needed to satisfy dopamine levels. If the pleasure grows to boredom other compounds are sought out to increase the euphoric feeling according to Doweiko (2012). Eventually the drugs overwhelm the brains

reward system, and this causes it to fire enormously after using the drug. Disease model seems to be dominate in the United States. There are many insights as stated by Doweiko (2012), but all of these approaches are unable to explain the complexity of SUD adequately.

     While we know there are some biological factors that consist with this viewpoint, there is entirely to much medicating or allowing the person that is addicted to believe they will be this way their entire lives. If we treat based on medical models, everyone with the problem with a mental disorder and substance abuse problem will be treated with psychotropic drugs, which in fact is what is happening today. While I do agree with temporary treatment, medical professionals are not trained in the field of addiction, so this limits them to medicating. The medical model leaves out the hope of change from addiction.

       In AA they address their meetings that I am Jane Do and I am an alcoholic. This however does not mean that Jane will stay in that addictive state, nor does it mean that all people with mental disorders will be inprisoned to that state of occurrence. This medical model is bandaging the problem and not cutting it at the root. There is power in redemption and also hope and change outside of the biological genetic aspect. Most in the profession of psychology have little training on dealing with substance disorders. Now that the prison systems are so full and most of them have substance abuse disorders medical models enslave them with the theories of the disease model. I think our society has suffered greatly in our culture here in the United States because of this. Also the United States is preferenced to the medical model, and over the past years it is not proving it's success.

       I agree that we are in a debate of nature, nurture and spiritual examinations here, and I hope that testing will be done on other groups to determine ways to live a free life and not one that is weighed down in the prison system or meds, because it is creating one of the worst problems within our society. I am not biased to the medical or genetic problems, but the disease model has not proven to be effective on the National level. There is redemptive work that goes to the center of the root, and we do not only have to treat this problem medically, but I believe the problem for many can be cured and that is the path that is hopeful among Celebrate Recovery groups that have had high success rates dealing with addictions.

     To grasp the best of these concepts and use what resources that are available. The United States is biased to the medical model and this is very discouraging, and there is a growing need for substance abuse counselors like never before. Jesus Christ was the greatest of all Cognitive teachers and it is my believe if we follow his model there can be healing of the sick and a cure for addiction. Once again I would like to express I am not ruling out the medical model, but we need to move forward with other ways that could be more helpful that will lead to lasting results.

     Addictions result from the degrading effects of sin on or in creation. This includes the self and the sin of others and the world. The body is in need of redemption. We are not in a glorified state yet, and that leaves us in a vulnerable state to all kinds of things. Full healing can only be found in Jesus Christ and his redemptive work. (Clinton, T. 2005)

References

Clinton, T. (2005) Caring for people God's way; A New Guide for Christian Counseling

 

Doweiko, H.E. (2012) Concepts of Chemical Dependency (8^th Ed.)

 

Substance Abuse Statistics Among College Students are Alarming!

According to (Matics,Greg Feb. 2010) from the Jackson Harold Newspaper article stated the statistics were stunning in the rise of local drug abuse.  (Haskins, Amy) public health educator with the Jackson County Health Department and project director for the Jackson County Anti-Drug Coalition presented statistics of growing drug use.

In the 2009 survey conducted by (Haskins) 21.8 percent of 10^th graders, 33.3 % of high school juniors and 23.3% of high school seniors admitted to drug use.  More alarming was the fact the survey also gave a 10% increase of sixth graders that have begun the cycle of drinking, 11.2 showed tobacco usage and 12% were currently using marijuana.   Haskins further said, “West Virginia has experienced a 550% increase in prescription drug abuse.”  West Virginia residents average some 15 prescriptions each.  These statistics provided a “Take Back Program” disposing of unused prescription drugs is being planned by the Jackson County Anti-Drug Coalition for Year 2 of their grant.  Looking over the statistics, drug usage continues to rise with an extremely high percentage rate of youngsters abusing prescription pills which were astronomical and of huge concern.  The survey helped them acknowledge a severe drug problem within their state and they were able to determine a plan of action by the results.

According to an article published by (Leinwand,Donna; March 2007, USA TODAY) 5.4 million full time college students use drugs and also binge on alcohol at least once a month by a study that was conducted portraying an urgent problem on college campuses around the nation.  The study was released by the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University.  The study found that students had a higher level of drug usage than the general population in the public sector.  22.9 % of students meet the medical condition for alcohol or drug abuse dependence – compulsively abusing substances despite the negative consequences involved, comparing with 8.5% of all people 12 and older.

     The study also included students who admitted to abusing painkillers such as Percocet, Vicodin and OxyContin.  Compared to the survey from 1993 it only rose 1 percent that year and in 2005 it increased to 3.1 percent.  The percentage of the students smoking marijuana heavily jumped from 1.9% in 1993 to 4% in 2005.  Cocaine and heroin rose from 5.4 in 1993 to 8.2 in 2005.  The percentage of students who admitted or reported to binge drinking three or more times during the week rose from 19.7% in 1993 to 22.8% in 2001.  The study found in 2005, 83% of arrests on campus involved alcohol.  These percentages also show a growing increase in drugs and alcohol but the most shocking in this survey was that college students had a higher percentage rating than those that were not attending college 12 and older.  This was a surprising result to me as many people are veiled into believing most drug problems occur with the less fortunate and uneducated.  This should be a wakeup call to college campuses to bring awareness and to try to bring it under control.  This was a national survey so the statistics of college students using drugs and alcohol are very high and should be a concern for the health and safety of the students attending colleges.

References: 

Leinwand, D. (March 15, 2007) College Drug use, binge drinking rise. USA TODAY.

Matics, G. (February 2, 2010) Substance abuse statistics among youngsters alarming. The West Virginia Jackson Herald.

Are we Presenting the Truth or Tradition?

1. What are some ways the Christian gospel is perceived in our culture?

Many people believe in our culture that we can reach God through good works, so primary most people think we can be a good person and do good things. Jesus paid the price for our sins, so no amount of good works can pardon your way into heaven. It is not through good works, but by faith and the good works flow naturally by our belief and love of the Savior. There are many misconceptions that we can confess our belief of the Savior and He will bring abundant prosperity, so in our culture the prosperity gospel can bring deceptions. Jesus said according to (NIV, Matt. 16:24) " If anyone desires to come after Me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow Me".

2. What are some specific moral reasons people may reject the Christian gospel?

One of the main reasons is a sense of pride. Pride blocks change, and that comes along with transformation and sacrifices. In our Western culture we are people that are ruled by self. This is a huge reason many will turn away from the gospel, because they want to live their own way. We live in a generation of quick fixes, and transformation takes time and growth. We want to have it our way, and accepting the gospel means we give our life over to the Savior.

3. What are some specific moral reasons people may reject the Christian gospel?

There is a great deal of confusion within many of our churches. We have to trust and believe in Christ, and not in our religion. I think a great deal of this has to do with tradition that has nothing to do with the word of God. Self righteous attitudes can attribute to the effect of making others feel loved or unworthy. People may be in oppressive bondage, and feel that they are not good enough. This is Satan's greatest lie. Jesus will accept anyone right where they are. Most have a perception that if they are not perfect, God will reject them. They do not understand the gift of salvation, mercy or grace. Most people have not studied on their own, and have also dealt with spiritual abuse. We should never fall into the trap of listening to anyone or anything without examining it with the word of God. It could also possibly be they have been raised in another doctrine their entire lives. It is hard to break free from what you are use to. Again the issue of pride will blind us to search out the truth.

4. What are some specific intellectual reasons people may reject the Christian gospel?

The majority of adults are learning the theories of evolution in universities today. Evolution had flooded the public schools and students are not learning about these things at a young age. They are being taught Darwinism, that ultimately scatches God away from the black board. We fail to examine things for ourselves, or to take the time to examine both sides of the issue. We see social media has taken on this same effect on our children. Astrology, New Age movement, and also atheists have flooded outlets of the younger generation. For the younger generation many will seek to solve their problems through Psychology and other outlets like drug and alcohol. Most people do not understand the power of the Holy Spirit, and how it can direct our lives and shape us into the purposes of God.

5. What can Christians do to address these objections and better communicate the Christian gospel?

Jesus was a friend of sinners. He may have not agreed with their lifestyle but he would listen to them. He primarily could see through to their heart. Loving your neighbor regardless of who they are is a step in the right direction. No one cares about what you have to say, until they can see how much you care. We will not agree with other people all the time. They will not have the same belief system that we do, but we can be a light to them by the way we live our lives through Jesus Christ. We need to understand more, listen more, and learn more about one another instead of judging. If the only friends that we ever acquire are merely Christians, I am not sure how well our ministry will be. We must be the light in the dark places. Our focus should be on Christ first, and he demonstrates the greatest love of all.

References:

The Holy Bible, New International Version Matthew 16:4