Christian Counseling through Discipleship

Christian Counseling through Discipleship

     As the entire country has exploded in the field of Psychology and medicating the mentally ill, there is a huge concern if this approach is the exact one that should be taken alone.  There is a growing concern of prescription drug use, which is in fact simply medicating the problem instead of completely addressing it, so that the disorder can possibly be overcome.  Could this be that God has been taken out of the equation?  In the early field of Psychology there was little focus on the spiritual healing of those that had been abused or terribly hurt by problems, or associated with things that left them incapable of facing on their own.  Still today there is little focus on the spiritual side of Psychology or the profession has little to say about Biblical truths.  In fact, they do not include spiritual healing and restoration in their practices at all in secular Psychology

         It is of great hope that through some of the information generated on three topics on the subject, a clear conclusion can be drawn that could possibly change the course of how the problems have been addressed with those that are spiritual oppressed, tormented by issues of pride, and also the sins of the ancestors that may be also affecting their lives to this day. 

     Psychology is clearly not the enemy, although the precepts have not always led to lasting
results.   There have been many breakthroughs in the development of disorders, and also
cognitive therapies to change behavior patterns.  The problems that are associated with the
outcome are that there has been little room, or attention given for using cognitive therapies,
including spiritual revelations, this had led the profession in a childlike state that cannot heal
mental illnesses.  The fruits of its work alone are not bearing the results that is needed in the dark
world today.     In order to broaden our paths of healing the broken, the definition of truth must
be defined, and there is no other answer that can ever supersede the ultimate understanding and
healing power of Jesus Christ. 

     Society has denied the roots of the problem and it has been left with only a band aid for the cure, and are neglecting the true healing source of redemption and restoration in the lives that are spiraling into a black hole of hopelessness.  Christians and the Churches can no longer afford to not confront these issues.  Christian encourages must press on to be servants in the commission that Christ has called them to be.   

       Neil Anderson addressed many of these issues in his book Discipleship Counseling,
(Anderson, Neil. T., 2003 Discipleship Counseling) Anderson presents a huge amount of
information that is being used among Christian professionals working in the Counseling
profession.  The information is very insightful and gives great hope to the encourager to engage
on some of these areas to help the growing numbers of people that are suffering.

 Helping the Spiritually Oppressed

     According to Anderson (2003), he states “When we lack the expertise and the patience, we resort to some kind of power mode to correct people or circumstances”. (p 173) Anderson raises the question in thoughts of what happens if the lights have been extinguished within the Churches?  He concludes there is great damage that follows this path.  Anderson (2003) states below:

 Pharisaic leaders in such ministries are more concerned about controlling others than about developing self-control.  They do not want to set their people free.  They want to control
 them.  Such people have never really entered into the experience of spiritual life.  They go to church and critique the message and the music.

      Dealing with spiritual bondage will draw persecution and attacks according to Armstrong (2003). Scripture is a reminder to pray for those that are persecuted or cursed.  Some of the self-righteous spirits that are in leadership positions will actually prevent those that are seeking to come to the truth as Anderson (2003) goes on to explain. (p 176).  Legalism is not spirituality.  It is a religious man made tradition, and it can create a huge amount of bondage.  Jesus greatly warned against this in Matthew Chapter 23.  He called them hypocrites that sought to close the doors of the Kingdom that prevented those that needed it the most while turning them away from the truth. (Matthew 23:13).  

  There are many concerns of the spiritually abused also, and this can also create a lack of distrust, and also lead one down a path of complete hopelessness with absolutely no faith at all.   The problems are in every aspect of the world today.  When dealing with a broken spirit it is extremely important to understand the fruits of the spirit, and how to address ourselves to them.    Men and women of God must be led by the power of the Holy Spirit.  This is what will prove our character and it is not of self-effort, but the working of the Spirit that comes through Christ.   Galatians 6:22-25 (NT) but the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, longsuffering, gentleness, goodness, faith.  Meekness, temperance: against such there is no law.   If we live by the Spirit so let us walk by the Spirit.  This gives us the instructions of how we should relate to those when we are encouraging or giving counsel to others.  Anderson stated, “Satan has gained access to people’s lives because of the openings they have given him”.   To give lasting hope to those that are dealing with spiritual oppression, there is a need to be fully prepared for spiritual warfare, and know how to put on the helmet of salvation.  This is the greatest weakness of secular Psychology because these important issues are not addressed.

      According to Diane Langberg (2011) she stated, “You see, trauma does not heal apart from
being spoken and it needs to be heard in the context of a safe relationship where the dignity of
the one who has been crushed is restored”.  (p 3) She concludes that Christian encouragers are to
go, and to patiently listen, be there is the face of the enemy, and do so in love.  Langberg (2011)
spoke no truer words when she addresses the question of “Is not this what Christ did for all”?  To
be Christ like is how love is reflected towards others, even in the very presence of evil. 
He will equip those with the power of his Holy Spirit.

 Overcoming the Issues of Pride

 Pride will always come before a huge fall according to scriptures.  Becoming obsessed with the self-mode will not make the best results in the counseling profession.  Many fail to realize that this very issue is what led to the downfall of Lucifer when he rebelled against God.  Apart from the Holy Spirit, we can do nothing.  Humans are born into pride, because of what happened in the beginning of creation, when Eve wanted to have the equality of God.   Anderson (2003) stated that “hell is where people say, “My will be done.”  Heaven is where we say, “Thy will be done.”  Do you see the exact opposite of the two?  One is totally motivated to self, and the other is governed by the Spirit of God.  So this brings the subject to motive, and why people pursue what they do.  What appears to be a helpful situation could in fact not be at all, if it is being ruled by the spirit of pride.  Anderson (2003) continues to remind others, that helping people should be clothed in kindness and humility towards others.  God is against the proud.   Those that are attended with self-absorption are blind leaders.  Jesus constantly brings to our attention the working of the Spirit.  Those that operate outside of the fruit of the spirit can be deceivers, and full of themselves, so it would be an impossible task for them to encourage others effectively.  The motive is false deception. 

      Anderson (2003) stated that “the more we are able to accomplish by the grace of God, the more susceptible we are to pride. (p 295).  It appears that Anderson is trying to warn others than even in grace, pride will come and sweep Encouragers away if they are led away in boasting, because of our good works.  The works of an Encourager are sacrificial, and they are done under the authority of the Holy Spirit, and nothing that is done in themselves.  We do these things to give glory and honor to the Lord, and not to seek our own gratifications.  It is His working power that gives those the abilities, and the gift of the Spirit to walk beside others in the healing process.  

     Others must have teachable spirits in order to grow in maturity.  Counseling is a muscle, constantly flexing and growing in the process of helping others

Overcoming Ancestral Sins

     Many people are born into dysfunctional families.  Often sins are passed down from one generation to the next according to Anderson (2003).  Anderson also states that “it is the final links of bondage that have chained them to their past”.(p 329) Anderson continues to address the occult experiences in family heritage, and how it has a great influence on what people carry around with them.   He states “Unless we make concerted efforts to do otherwise, we will perpetuate the habits, customs and traditions passed on in our families for generations.” (p 330)

     People develop habits early on, and were not necessarily taught these things.  It is a natural
reaction to pick up things from those related to others.  It can be passed down for several
generations, and many of these contracted habits can be harmful.   Anderson states that “we are
not guilty because of our parents sins.  Yet because they sinned, we are vulnerable to what they
have taught and modeled for us”.

     The Prophets in the Old Testament warned us about the sins of ancestral decent.  According to Anderson (2003) National or corporate repentance cannot happen effectively without individual repentance. (p 335)  If past sins are left to fester, they will be passed down to the next generation.  Anderson (2003) concludes that “it is because we are new creatures in Christ that we can actively choose and renounce the sins of our ancestors and stop the cycle of abuse. (p338)

 It is however not encouraged to introduce this to those in the initial process, unless the Lord brings it to their remembrance.  Encouraging others in Christ is something that should be practiced, and to put on the armor of God to fight the good fight.  Anderson (2003) concludes in his writing that Christ is our defense and we should never let the enemy set the dinner table.  In other words, not to give too much credit on the enemies behalf.  (p 339)  In helping others we want them fully protected under the care and authority of Christ, and that by the grace of God; others can be fully equipped to help break any linkage that imprisons someone because of generational sins or curses.

     According to McMaken, Bonnie (March 2011) almost every family has secret roots that are
embedded in their families.  Sometimes it can be a painful dig to get to the very root of the
problem that sprang from our ancestors.   Generational sins can be hidden very well and are often
swept under the rug to help protect younger generations.  However if the family does not possess
the proper knowledge to break destructive patterns, like addictions processes they will be passed
from one generation to the next.  The cycle of destruction can continue, and can be very
complicated to discover the root of the problem.  In this case passing through the light, and the
knowledge of truth according to God’s word it will very often expose dark secrets, or possibly
bring them into the mind of the counselee, and then they can be encouraged to walk through the
process to break free from the bondage that is keeping them imprisoned.

      In the closing argument, it should be addressed that we can walk side by side with
Psychologists in the healing processes of redemption.  As Christians we acknowledge the job is
not complete until Christ can work through the processes that surround the subject  Psychology.  While there are many great discoveries in this field, the Christian counselor fully
understands that complete healing comes from Christ alone, and not secular theories or a
prescription of drugs.  Although these things may temporarily aid the problem, it truly does not
heal and restore the broken soul, nor will it give them the hope of eternity.  It is a great hope that
these fields will come together in their research, and examine the need of spiritual revelation in
helping those through whatever Mental Illness or addiction they may be facing.  The most
important thing of all is to remember that Christ was the most wonderfully powerful Counselor
of all, and that we would strive to model His pattern while working with broken people.

 References

Anderson, Neil T. (2003) Discipleship Counseling: The complete Guide to Helping Others Walk

In Freedom and Grow in Christ. Ventura: Regal Books

Langberg, Diane, PH.D (2011) Trauma as a place of Service: A Traumatized Planet, She’s my

sister, a Bible Society initiative.

McMaken, Bonnie (Mar 7, 2011) Do Our Parents’ Sins Affect Us? Finding healing from

generational hurts and hang-ups.

The Increasing Reliance of Mental Health Professionals On Drug Therapy Has Dangerous Consequences for Children

This was α simplier  Time .  Memory of  My Dad , R Nelson

Prescription drug abuse is growing increasingly popular. The growing trend is gradually

getting worse, and can include grave implications, such as coma and death. According to Dr. John Goathe, the director of the Burlingame Center for Psychiatric Research in Connecticut noted that the office visits for children being prescribed anti-psychotic drugs had increased more than 600% in the years of 1993-2002 (Szalavitz, M.,May 2009,Time Magazine). Even preschoolers are being exposed to anti-psychotic drugs. Children from the ages of 2- 4 have experienced a rapid growth rate by three times the amount of time over a 5 year span of time. (Null, G., the Drugging of our Children). The evidence will support the claim from professionals in the field of health. The intention of the argument is to bring awareness of the impending dangers our society is being presented with.

     
     There is a great fear of compromise with the children being medicated, while their brains

have not fully developed. According to (Null) In 1986, researcher found brain shrinkage in 50 percent of adults that had been treated with stimulants for hyperactivity since childhood.
Doctors are aware that high doses of stimulants can cause brain damage, but no one has
Questioned the concern that chronic low doses could also create brain damage in the cases of children that are being treated for ADHD. We are becoming a medicated society, and while I agree the severe cases do have a cause of medication, we are becoming increasingly dependent upon drugs, and we don't know the underlying implications of what will be the outcome of the side effects.

     The television advertisements are growing more in number marketing more new drugs that are relative to depression and emotional disorders. While listening to each commercial at the end you will be given a long list of side effects, and I think we are growing desensitized to the harm of the long term effects. Very often the side effects of the drugs can produce greater harm than good of the medication. The pharmaceutical companies are making an enormous amount of profit for a dangerous price at the expense of quality of life. (Null, Gary, The Drugging of our Children)noted “Ritalin’s side effects has a more potent effect on the brain than cocaine and we are supposed to be a country that eschews the use of mind altering substances, certainly for children”. There have been lawsuits filed against many unsafe medications and the Pharmaceuticals companies settled out of court. It was the highest lawsuit filed in US History. (Szalavitz,M.) Concluded in this case there were also huge criminal fines that were charged to some of the pharmaceutical companies for illegally marketing antipsychotic drugs. There were pay outs that were well over 5 billion dollars. There is a huge mark up on these medications and the production of new disorders continues to rise along with new medications to treat them with.

     
     Through the research that I have compiled it seems relevant that the Big Phara companies may be more concerned for their profits than human life. The doctors are being put in a position of offering drugs over behavioral therapy because the insurance companies will not pay for talk therapy. The drugs that are administered do not prove to be any more effective than talk therapy. It is much quicker and more economical for health professionals to administer these drugs because time is money, and the insurance companies are balking at talk therapy. Fortunately the talk therapy has no harmful side effects, verses psychotic drugs depressants. According to (Gardiner, Harris March, 2011, New York Times), recent research from studies have concluded that talk therapy is as effective, if not noted, for better results treating depression. There is a growing problem because psychiatrist’s can earn more money in three 15 minute appointments at 150.00 compared to 90 dollars for a 45 minute counseling session. Insurance company’s policies discourage talk therapies because of their reimbursement rates. I believe this has to do with profit over quality care of patients. Of course if you are wealthy, this will not affect you because cash is not a problem. One young doctor by the name of Matthew Levin stated that he was concerned of the rising possibilities of putting his earnings against the ethics of his patients care. He is hoping to avoid those issues.

      There are severe cases of mental illness that require drug treatment, and I am not disputing or arguing that fact. The problems are being reported that many, possibly half of the diagnosis’s are made are misdiagnosed. According to (Bruce,Shadrai; July, 2010) “Bi polar is often mistaken for depression, and this error occurs in almost half of those that have problems”. The problem with mis diagnosis is that while anti-depressants seem helpful for treating depression, it is not the proper way to treat those suffering from bi polar disorder. “Anti-depressants can worsen the disorder”. According to (Zimmerman, Mark) that lead the study in misdiagnosis he concluded by saying “Misdiagnosis can be very dangerous and have huge effects on the brain itself”. From the evidence I have researched these severe cases only make up 3 percent of the the population of the mentally ill and there are millions of prescriptions being written without the proper diagnosis. According to (Szalavitz,M.) there are many people that are being treated with Atypical Antipsychotic drugs and these drugs are for the treatment of schizophrenia and bi polar and this would make up about 3 percent. “In 2010 there were 56 million prescriptions filled for atypical antipsychotics”.

     The most dangerous side effect these drugs cause is suicidal thoughts. I have a compiling list of 29 pages full of teens as well as some adults that committed suicide and some committed murder, and these psychotropic drugs were in there systems. They had already been treated by a Psychiatrist. According to (Teen Screen Truth p.1) they raise the question if these drugs actually increase, suicide, violence and murder. They are quoted as saying. “If drugs such as Prozac, Zoloft, Ritalin, Xanax, Paxil, Thorazine and other related“anti-depressants” are actually an effective treatment, one would naturally expect suicides, murders and violent behavior to be decreasing, yet this is apparently the reverse of what is happening”. The statistics are growing higher regarding teen suicide. Some of these drugs in fact cause Akathisia, this is a mental agitation that can spark violent outbursts. It can also cause dissociative reactions, desensitizing the impact of the poor choices of wrong in the patients behavior. (Teen Screen Truth).

      We should be able to feel comfortable knowing that doctors are providing us with healthy
decisions concerning our heath. The problem that is being encountered is the side effects are growing at an accelerated rate and the overload can impair the better judgments of our health care providers. They have to sift through so many side effects and this takes a great deal of time. In an investigation done by (Duke, John Dr.) he stated “the concern of doctors being overloaded with side effects and a possible weakening in judgment to treat their patients safely.”While some of the side effects are listed on medicine bottles and are announced in the media, this is to protect the pharmaceutical companies and also the doctors that write out the prescriptions unfortunately leaving the patients vulnerable. This does not apply to all doctors but is very likely that it does happen with many of them.

    
     The greatest and most alarming conclusions lie within our children. There is a new wave of medications that have been drawn to children. ADHD and ADD. It is becoming common
practice in the public school system to determine whether our children need drugs. According to (Null, G.p.2 paragraph 4)he noted “ In some instances taking medicine is a prerequisite for attending school, with refusal to comply considered grounds for dismissal, or worse, removal of the child from the home by the state”. According to (Baughman, Fred Dr.) a board certified child Neurologist trained at New York University and Mount Sinai, he stated “It’s one thing for a court to intervene and take over as legal guardian in a case where a child’s life is truly at risk, but quite another when psychotropic drugs are forced on children who don’t fit into the mold.”

      
     Teachers are the ones that usually disclose the information to the parents along with the school counselor. This is dangerous because teachers are not doctors. It is not uncommon for 5 year old children to wiggle in their desks. Normal children are full of natural energy. According to (Null,G. p.3 para 2) he stated “What one person views as distractibility, for instance another may view as natural inquisitiveness” Many times these children are placed on medications and it is simply not needed. The psychologists of the school and recommendationsof the teacher’s evaluations of the student pressure the parents to drug their children and the parents comply because they believe they are doing what is in the best interest of their child. According to Psychologist (McGuiness, Diane, 1991) she concluded by saying, “We have invented a disease, given it medical sanction, and now must disown it. The major question is, how do we go about destroying the monster we’ve created?” There are parents that now grief and wish they would have sought after second opinions but they cannot because there children are dead. (Teen Screen Truth).

     
     This information I am about to share in one that is startling and could in fact cause life time implications on this generation of children being medicated with anti-psychotic drugs. When a child reaches the age of puberty there frontal lobe begins to grow and develop at the most growth rate since infancy. It doesn’t fully develop until the age of around 20. These years are very critical for children. The frontal lobe of our brain is where our emotions of judgment, anger and self-control and reasoning lie. (Psychology and Life 18^thedition) We often wonder why teenagers are so hard to deal with at this age and this gives us a general idea of why this can be a critical time for them. It is normal development because there are huge changes in the frontal lobe that can cause emotional upheaval during these years. The drugs can actually slow down the growth of normal development by blocking areas of the brain that have not fully matured. I am afraid we may be selling our children out to these pharmaceutical companies.  Teen suicide is increasing daily and the statistics of these drugs are ever showing there ugly faces. Psychiatrist (Cole, Joseph, p.9 Para. 1) stated “The brains of young children are developing rapidly, he pointed out, the drugs can alter the process”.

     
     Something very important to remember, according to (Null, G p. 9 Para. 6) The majority of doctors that are prescribing these medications are M. D.’s, they are not Psychiatrists, but primary care givers. They do not have the qualified training of mental illnesses to know what can happen in writing prescriptions for these life altering drugs. It has a great deal to do with quality health care and once again finances over quality of life. (Parents Magazine) points out, “Here, as with almost everything else in the tangled world of health care, behavioral problems, partly because most managed-care plans readily cover the cost of medication but often won’t pay for long-term alternative treatments, such as talk or behavioral therapy.

In my conclusion the point I hope I have properly demonstrated is that we must be careful
with these medications. Research all you can before making a decision to use them and I
would strongly recommend that you get a second opinion and be sure the proper tests are being conducted in order to determine the correct diagnosis. I believe we are on a down ward spiral in the mental health profession with the abuse of anti-depressive and psychotic drugs. There is compounding evidence that money serves a great value to the pharmaceutical industry over quality of life.

References:

Bright, Paul (July 2009) Mark Zimmerman’s study of Bi polar often misdiagnosed, study reveals

Bruce, S. (July 2010) Bipolar is Often misdiagnosed as Depression


Gardiner, H. (March 2011) Talk doesn’t pay, so Psychiatry turns instead to drug therapy. New York Times

Null, G. The Drugging of our Children (familyrightsassociation.com/bihn/white_papers-articles/drugging_our_children/) Joseph Cole

Teen Screen Truth- www.teenscreentruth.com/psychiatry_drugs_suicide.html

Szalavitz, M. (May 2009) Drugging the Vunerable: Atypical Antipsychotics in Children and the Elderly, Time Magazine

    

Sorcery In America-"Addiction Crisis"

Most people don't understand the full meaning of the word sorcery.  Many see warlocks, witches and spells being cast and this word has been misinterpreted for many years.  While these things above are occultist and they are mentioned as well, through experiences of Family and Friends that have been grossly plagued with addiction it led me into a further look at something that was unexplainable and still is today by so many others across our country.Pharmakeia Defined

These things were predicted in the Bible so I will speak from experiences and also give Biblical doctrine on this subject.  I am 45 years old and I have encountered many forms of crippling addictions with people I love and many other relationships in my life.  I searched very hard to understand how this can destroy so many lives and until I discovered the root of this evil, there was no settling in my mind.

When I was 19 years old, my mother and I were discussing some of the truths from the word of God.  This was the very first encounter of truth behind the word sorcery.  She would often share things she learned with me and I would be simply amazed and out of the root of these discussions is where my hunger grew for the word of God and to understand it more.  Some of these discoveries that I learned changed my entire life.

The first thing I learned was the deception behind the word sorcery.  I will give you proof and the true translation of this word.  The English word sorcery paints a picture of a sorcery or witch casting spells on it's victims.  The Greek word, carries a much broader meaning.  And they did not repent of their murders, or their sorcery's or their sexual immorality or their thefts. Rev. 9:21  The word sorcery's in this scripture is pharmakeia.  This is where the English version of the language gives us the word Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical.  Now you can see this takes a total more in depth meaning and a greater understanding of the word.

 The greatest cause for most crimes in America are the illegal drugs.  Most people that are now incarcerated in American prisons are there because of buying or doing hard core drugs.  The crimes that are connected to drug addiction are robberies, break ins, murder and the result of these crimes are linked to stealing money or stealing something to sell for money in order to support an addictive drug habit.

"AMERICA IS AN ADDICTED SOCIETY"

The pharmakeia spirit of sorcery is the chief spirit controlling the United States.  Millions have experimented with and are now addicted to many kinds of drugs including.
Marijuana
LSD
Heroin
Cocaine
Crack Cocaine
Meth
Ecstasy
Prescription Pain Killers
Antidepressants
 Steroids

"THE ADDICTION DEMON"

Millions of Americans are addicted to something.  Illegal drugs and for others, pornography.  Some can't break the addiction to gamble, and some are bound by alcohol.
Statistics on Alcohol
We spend 90 Billion on Alcohol each year
Over 15 million are dependent on alcohol, with five hundred thousand being between the ages of nine and twelve.
43 percent of Americans have been exposed to alcoholism in their families.
Alcohol would be deemed the number one addiction in this country but there are alarming statistics available to show the severity of America's Drug Problem.

1) Among teens age twelve to seventeen , the average age of first trying marijuana was fourteen years old.
2) In 1985 each day five thousand adults in the United States tried cocaine for the first time.
3)Today it is estimated that 25 million have tried cocaine.  Conservative estimates indicate there are over 3 million cocaine addicts in the United States today.
4)Heroin is a highly addictive drug, and its use in very serious problem in America.  There are over six hundred thousand people that now need treatment for heroin addiction.

America has been hypnotized by greed and addiction and it is being passed from generation to generation which is the very reason for this spirit at work.  Every sin in our generation is an assignment against the children.  Abortion stops the life of a child.  Drugs can make a man impotent.  Alcohol destroys families units.  Drug money support terrorism through out the world.  The attack is about the future seed.

As proof, we are seeing more child abuse, more molestations, and a greater rise in the numbers of pedophiles than ever before.
GOD IS LOOKING FOR THE INTERCESSORS

So I sought for a man among them who would make a wall, and stand in the gap  before Me on behalf of the land, that I should not destroy it, but I found no one.  Ezekiel 22:30
This is a spiritual problem and drug addiction is sorcery and Satan has his hold on these that are addicted.  Treatments have failed and locking people in prisons have failed.  The one and only hope for this cure in our land is knowing that Jesus Christ can heal and has and will deliver these that are afflicted.  The saddest part of it all is that the Lord can't help those that don't believe him.  You will never understand DRUG ADDICTION without understanding the DEMONIC INFLUENCE.

While you are dealing with someone addicted, you can't fix it or lock them away or give them treatment without the power of the Holy Spirit coming upon them to heal them and there is no present help for this until we return with prayers, repentance and taking back our children.  They are suffering and many try to find excuses of why our country is turning to ruins.  THE ADDICTED ARE HURTING AND DYING and there is no present help.  God bless you for reading and I hope you would pray for these.  God is there only clear and present hope.
Please take a look at the link I provided from a dear friend and prayer partner that is a published author.  Dan Calabrese is building a wall and standing in the gap through his fiction writings on these subjects.
Dan Calabrese- Pharmakeia
Dan Calabrese Books-Pharmakeia
God has blessed me greatly through our friendship.  Dan also teaches an adult class on spiritual warfare at his church.  From his web page there is some great information of the subject.  I would encourage you to take a look at these books on his web page.